Many memory issues following a brain injury are never resolved. Damage to the brain's memory produce corresponding impairments in the brain's ability to remember conversations and events.
Various things, such as anxiety about the memory lapses, can interfere with the ability to remember. It takes a lot of effort and concentration to compensate for short-term memory loss. It drains energy levels and can often result in chronic fatigue. Intellectual functions may then deteriorate causing feelings of inadequacy, discouragement, irritability and possibly even depression.
There are strategies to help with short-term memory loss, other than the obvious ones of using a diary, calendar or day timer. They are to: live in the moment; learn to trust your instincts; focus on one thing at a time; use repetition; use a system of reminders; plan ahead and be prepared; be organized; avoid alcohol consumption; eliminate distractions and have a routine and stick to it.
There are different types of memory. They are the following:
- Sensory-motor which are things like remembering how to walk, tie a shoelace, get dressed or make a cup of coffee.
- Semantic memory is the ability to retain general knowledge like how to add numbers or how to read .
- Narrative or episodic memory is remembering experienced events in any sort of detail.
- Short-term memory loss is the inability to remember what one did the day before or even earlier in the day, recent conversations or appointments.
Short-term memory loss may cause difficulty in remembering faces of those met recently, reading for pleasure or in watching television or a movie. It can also interfere with educational and personal goals. It is the inability to store and recall current information. Current information is not being recorded. Conversations can be held based on long term memories as long as it doesn't relate to recent conversations or events. There may be difficulty in learning new material and remembering it or forming new memories. Some brain injury survivors may fill in the forgotten details with imagined events or memories. Others may only have difficulty remembering words and thoughts.
One brain injury survivor said that the benefit of having short term memory loss is that it is difficult to carry on an extended argument or to hold a grudge so they appear much more forgiving of others. As well, she won't need to rehash the argument and get upset about it over and over again.
To help improve short-term memory loss, besides the benefits of using memory aids such as diaries and calendars, increase mental activity and challenge your brain. Reading also helps with concentration and memory. Cognitive therapy is also necessary when someone is suffering from short-term memory loss.
There are things that can be done when someone who has suffered a brain injury experiences short-term memory loss. The difficulty sometimes is in motivating them to get into the habit of doing the things that will assist them.
Thursday, October 13, 2011
Wednesday, October 12, 2011
Concussions, Brain Injuries and Personality Changes
Personality changes will be dependent upon the location and severity of the injury. Prisons and mental hospitals sadly are full of people who have suffered brain injuries which resulting personality changes have made aggressive, violent and often unable to make good choices.
Being aggressive, violent and unable to make good choices can be some of the changes in a survivor of brain injury or someone with repetitive concussions. They may also suffer from mood swings, mental rigidity, impulsive behavior, be apathetic, lethargic, are unable to show emotion, have no interests, be bored and may feel intellectually dull. If they once liked to play games, they may no longer wish to do so because they are unable to concentrate as they once did. If memory is an issue, which it often is, playing games will be increasingly difficult.
They may feel a great sense of loss after suffering a brain injury because they will feel as if they have lost their personal identity and personal power. They will feel that they don't know who they are any longer. If this is the case, they should try to find a Neuro-Psych doctor and a speech therapist who, through therapy, will help them try to fill the holes in their personalities that survivors often feel they have in how they identify themselves.
Many survivors of brain injury feel there is a stigma to having such an injury and will deny and cover up or isolate themselves rather than own-up to a brain injury. They will blame their problems on other things that are physical such as chronic pain in legs that were broken or other health issues which may or may not have been sustained in their accident.
Besides their loss of personal identity, sense of power and self-awareness, they may also lack self-determination, be unable to keep and make friends, have lost some of their memories, be unable to socially interact with others, understand the needs and desires of others as well as be unable to feel compassion and empathy. Very often their likes and dislikes will have changed as well as their sense of humor. They may no longer have a sense of humor or be interested in anything at all.
With so many losses, it is little wonder that a brain injury survivor's personality is likely to change at least somewhat. Not only is it difficult for the survivor but it is difficult for his/her family and spouse. They have lost the person they once knew and will feel the loss themselves. They have to get to know that person again as he/she may be quite different from who he had previously been.
In the case of concussions, some damage, regardless of severity will be sustained so multiple concussions can cause more damage. Both concussions and brain injuries can leave the survivor with deficits. Personality changes are the result of deficits.
Sometimes personality changes may only be really evident to those closest to the brain injury survivor. Others may say, 'He just isn't the same.' or 'Something seems off.' without being able to pinpoint exactly what the difference may be. But often it is enough of a change for even those unsure of what the change is for friends to not visit as often as they once did.
Being aggressive, violent and unable to make good choices can be some of the changes in a survivor of brain injury or someone with repetitive concussions. They may also suffer from mood swings, mental rigidity, impulsive behavior, be apathetic, lethargic, are unable to show emotion, have no interests, be bored and may feel intellectually dull. If they once liked to play games, they may no longer wish to do so because they are unable to concentrate as they once did. If memory is an issue, which it often is, playing games will be increasingly difficult.
They may feel a great sense of loss after suffering a brain injury because they will feel as if they have lost their personal identity and personal power. They will feel that they don't know who they are any longer. If this is the case, they should try to find a Neuro-Psych doctor and a speech therapist who, through therapy, will help them try to fill the holes in their personalities that survivors often feel they have in how they identify themselves.
Many survivors of brain injury feel there is a stigma to having such an injury and will deny and cover up or isolate themselves rather than own-up to a brain injury. They will blame their problems on other things that are physical such as chronic pain in legs that were broken or other health issues which may or may not have been sustained in their accident.
Besides their loss of personal identity, sense of power and self-awareness, they may also lack self-determination, be unable to keep and make friends, have lost some of their memories, be unable to socially interact with others, understand the needs and desires of others as well as be unable to feel compassion and empathy. Very often their likes and dislikes will have changed as well as their sense of humor. They may no longer have a sense of humor or be interested in anything at all.
With so many losses, it is little wonder that a brain injury survivor's personality is likely to change at least somewhat. Not only is it difficult for the survivor but it is difficult for his/her family and spouse. They have lost the person they once knew and will feel the loss themselves. They have to get to know that person again as he/she may be quite different from who he had previously been.
In the case of concussions, some damage, regardless of severity will be sustained so multiple concussions can cause more damage. Both concussions and brain injuries can leave the survivor with deficits. Personality changes are the result of deficits.
Sometimes personality changes may only be really evident to those closest to the brain injury survivor. Others may say, 'He just isn't the same.' or 'Something seems off.' without being able to pinpoint exactly what the difference may be. But often it is enough of a change for even those unsure of what the change is for friends to not visit as often as they once did.
Wednesday, October 5, 2011
The Story About Strokes - An Acquired Brain Injury
An acquired brain injury is caused after birth and can contribute to cognitive, physical, emotional and behavioral impairments. A stroke is when blood flow to a part of the brain stops. Brain cells can die and the patient may be left with permanent damage.
There are two major types of strokes:
- The ischemic stroke is when a blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain is blocked by a blood clot. If a clot forms in a narrow artery, it is called a thrombotic stroke. If the clot breaks off and travels to the brain, it is called a cerebral embolism.
- A hemorrhagic stroke is when a blood vessel in part of the brain bursts open and blood leaks into the brain. This usually causes a severe headache.
The causes of a stroke are high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, high cholesterol, a family history of strokes, being over fifty-five years of age, living an unhealthy lifestyle, having heart disease, being overweight, drinking heavily, smoking, using illegal drugs, ethnicity, a previous history of strokes or TIA's and women over thirty-five who are on birth control pills, especially if they smoke.
Some of the symptoms are a severe headache, slurred speech, inability to speak or to understand, loss of balance or coordination, confusion, numbness or tingling on one side of the body, vision problems and muscle weakness.
For best prognosis, it is extremely important to get medical treatment within three hours of first symptoms but no later than four to five hours. At the first signs of a stroke, it will be imperative to call 911 in order to get immediate treatment. This reduces disability and can save lives. Medical staff will examine and possibly give a clot-dissolving drug, do tests with probably tests using all or some of the following - an Angiogram, a CT scan, an MRI, and an Echocardiogram. There will probably be lab tests done as well.
Treatment and prognosis will depend on the cause of the stroke, the severity of the stroke, what has been affected and how quickly treatment was begun. There may be bladder and bowel problems, muscle and nerve problems, speech, memory and thinking difficulties as well.
There are three coping strategies for emotional problems related to strokes:
- approach-oriented coping where the patient consciously works towards minimizing the emotional challenges of the acquired brain injury;
- passive coping which indicates a lack of motivation where patient chooses not to express his/her emotions;
- avoidance coping where the patient actively avoids coping with their emotions. With this type of coping, there is usually a high level of depression.
Patients who have suffered a stroke may possibly need physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy and swallowing therapy. And because it is common for patients to at least initially experience memory loss, rehabilitation in this area may be required as well as using memory aids such as a diary, calendar or a daytimer.
To reduce your risk of of having a stroke, exercise at least thirty minutes each day, eat a nutritional died rich in fruits, vegetables and beans, low-fat dairy products and foods that are low in sodium and fats.
Because a stroke is loss of blood to the brain, the importance of early medical intervention can't be stressed strongly enough in order to reduce the likelihood of a more debilitating disability.
There are two major types of strokes:
- The ischemic stroke is when a blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain is blocked by a blood clot. If a clot forms in a narrow artery, it is called a thrombotic stroke. If the clot breaks off and travels to the brain, it is called a cerebral embolism.
- A hemorrhagic stroke is when a blood vessel in part of the brain bursts open and blood leaks into the brain. This usually causes a severe headache.
The causes of a stroke are high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, high cholesterol, a family history of strokes, being over fifty-five years of age, living an unhealthy lifestyle, having heart disease, being overweight, drinking heavily, smoking, using illegal drugs, ethnicity, a previous history of strokes or TIA's and women over thirty-five who are on birth control pills, especially if they smoke.
Some of the symptoms are a severe headache, slurred speech, inability to speak or to understand, loss of balance or coordination, confusion, numbness or tingling on one side of the body, vision problems and muscle weakness.
For best prognosis, it is extremely important to get medical treatment within three hours of first symptoms but no later than four to five hours. At the first signs of a stroke, it will be imperative to call 911 in order to get immediate treatment. This reduces disability and can save lives. Medical staff will examine and possibly give a clot-dissolving drug, do tests with probably tests using all or some of the following - an Angiogram, a CT scan, an MRI, and an Echocardiogram. There will probably be lab tests done as well.
Treatment and prognosis will depend on the cause of the stroke, the severity of the stroke, what has been affected and how quickly treatment was begun. There may be bladder and bowel problems, muscle and nerve problems, speech, memory and thinking difficulties as well.
There are three coping strategies for emotional problems related to strokes:
- approach-oriented coping where the patient consciously works towards minimizing the emotional challenges of the acquired brain injury;
- passive coping which indicates a lack of motivation where patient chooses not to express his/her emotions;
- avoidance coping where the patient actively avoids coping with their emotions. With this type of coping, there is usually a high level of depression.
Patients who have suffered a stroke may possibly need physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy and swallowing therapy. And because it is common for patients to at least initially experience memory loss, rehabilitation in this area may be required as well as using memory aids such as a diary, calendar or a daytimer.
To reduce your risk of of having a stroke, exercise at least thirty minutes each day, eat a nutritional died rich in fruits, vegetables and beans, low-fat dairy products and foods that are low in sodium and fats.
Because a stroke is loss of blood to the brain, the importance of early medical intervention can't be stressed strongly enough in order to reduce the likelihood of a more debilitating disability.
Monday, October 3, 2011
Brain Injuries Involving Military Personnel
Most brain injuries are life-long, life-altering and will require life-style adjustments. And most will affect not only the victim of the injury but his/her family, friends and the community as well. This has been evidenced by the thousands of military personnel who have come home with brain injuries.
It is suspected that as many as 320,000, possibly more, military personnel have come home with brain injuries that have affected their lives. Brain injuries affect personalities, emotions and often their mobility. Some will have an inability to understand speech but will still possibly be able to read, some will no longer be able to laugh, they may suffer post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychological problems such as denial of any problems. Some may not be able to recognize faces, may be flat and robotic in his speech, be unable to retain information, unable to feed themselves or be unable to form complete sentences. Depression and aggression can also be the results of brain injury. The ability to maintain social relationships quite often is another consequence of a TBI. And one soldier who, although he could see, was only able to see to the left. These are only some of the consequences of their injuries.
Many services will be required for these fighters of their country. They will require speech therapists, life skills coaches, some will need to learn to walk again, and to talk again. Some will suffer the consequences of having problems with drug and alcohol, they will display reckless behavior without considering the consequences, will make poor choices, will behave in unacceptably appropriate ways socially, or will behave impulsively. It is estimated that approximately twenty per cent of all service men who have suffered a traumatic brain injury will drive dangerously, partly as a consequence of the brain injury and partly because of the necessary training they have had while fighting.
Many of the causes of concussion and brain injury is blast-induced neurotrauma caused by a sudden increase in air pressure or when their body has been propelled through the air and the sudden impact as they land. And fragment penetration is another large reason. Approximately 1,400 troops sustained concussions or mild traumatic brain injuries because of blasts during a ten month period in Afghanistan and Iraq. They suffered such symptoms as loss of motor control, dizziness, headaches and difficulty processing their thoughts. Many of these troops are now taking time out when involved in or have been near a blast situation until their symptoms dissipate. Those within one hundred and sixty-five feet of a blast are examined for signs of concussion or brain injury.
Blast-related injuries are the signature wound of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars with many of the troops having been exposed to multiple explosions. Military personnel often don't get the necessary treatment in a timely fashion which can possibly worsen their condition.
Work is now being done on advanced MRI-based methods in order to be able to make more accurate diagnoses so that treatment inventions can begin earlier for those with brain injury. It is also being evaluated whether, or when, those who have suffered from multiple exposures to blasts should return to active duty. These types of follow-up will help to determine the future health of returning military personnel.
It is suspected that as many as 320,000, possibly more, military personnel have come home with brain injuries that have affected their lives. Brain injuries affect personalities, emotions and often their mobility. Some will have an inability to understand speech but will still possibly be able to read, some will no longer be able to laugh, they may suffer post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychological problems such as denial of any problems. Some may not be able to recognize faces, may be flat and robotic in his speech, be unable to retain information, unable to feed themselves or be unable to form complete sentences. Depression and aggression can also be the results of brain injury. The ability to maintain social relationships quite often is another consequence of a TBI. And one soldier who, although he could see, was only able to see to the left. These are only some of the consequences of their injuries.
Many services will be required for these fighters of their country. They will require speech therapists, life skills coaches, some will need to learn to walk again, and to talk again. Some will suffer the consequences of having problems with drug and alcohol, they will display reckless behavior without considering the consequences, will make poor choices, will behave in unacceptably appropriate ways socially, or will behave impulsively. It is estimated that approximately twenty per cent of all service men who have suffered a traumatic brain injury will drive dangerously, partly as a consequence of the brain injury and partly because of the necessary training they have had while fighting.
Many of the causes of concussion and brain injury is blast-induced neurotrauma caused by a sudden increase in air pressure or when their body has been propelled through the air and the sudden impact as they land. And fragment penetration is another large reason. Approximately 1,400 troops sustained concussions or mild traumatic brain injuries because of blasts during a ten month period in Afghanistan and Iraq. They suffered such symptoms as loss of motor control, dizziness, headaches and difficulty processing their thoughts. Many of these troops are now taking time out when involved in or have been near a blast situation until their symptoms dissipate. Those within one hundred and sixty-five feet of a blast are examined for signs of concussion or brain injury.
Blast-related injuries are the signature wound of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars with many of the troops having been exposed to multiple explosions. Military personnel often don't get the necessary treatment in a timely fashion which can possibly worsen their condition.
Work is now being done on advanced MRI-based methods in order to be able to make more accurate diagnoses so that treatment inventions can begin earlier for those with brain injury. It is also being evaluated whether, or when, those who have suffered from multiple exposures to blasts should return to active duty. These types of follow-up will help to determine the future health of returning military personnel.
Tuesday, July 5, 2011
Concussions and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, or CTE, is a progressive degenerative disease found in those who have been subjected to multiple concussions and other forms of head injury. It is being found in professional athletes, i.e.: those who play football, hockey, wrestling and other contact sports.
With autopsy, there has been evidence found in many athletes since 2008. In the eleven professional football players who received autopsies, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy was discovered in each case. Studies have shown that with repetitive blows, the brain significantly alters permanently.
For those suffering from CTE, they will show symptoms of dementia, memory loss, aggression, confusion and depression. These symptoms can appear quite soon following injuries or may not appear until decades later. Behaviors may be similar to those who suffer from Alzheimer's Disease. It is a build-up of an abnormal protein call tau which clumps in and around the brain disrupting its function.
Some initial symptoms are: attention deterioration, disorientation, dizziness, headaches, slowed muscular movements, tremors and vertigo. As the disease progresses, individuals may display erratic behavior and possibly symptoms similar to those of Parkinson's disease. With CTE's further deterioration, overt symptoms of dementia will be evident, along with speech difficulties, gait abnormalities, difficulty swallowing, a drooping eyelid and lack of control of facial muscles.
Concussions therefore, must be taken extremely seriously. Three weeks should be the minimum time for recovery with a graduated level of activity constituting initially of only light activity progressing gradually to more physical contact. Parents and coaches need to be particularly diligent in watching for subtle changes in athlete's behavior following a concussion and especially when there has been more than one concussion. Children playing contact sports are running long-term risks as some concussions are not being diagnosed.
Studies are being done in an attempt to delay the onset of dementia following concussions. Some athletes are now leaving their brains to scientists so more studies can be done to determine how CTE can be prevented.
According to Boston University, the disease was first discovered in boxers as early as the 1920's. Researchers have noted a pattern of suicide and suicidal behavior in CTE victims. Professional football players, especially those playing in the positions of lineman and linebacker, typically receive multiple hits to the head during every game and practice. It is estimated that they could receive as many as 1,000 hits per season.
Researchers are expounding the importance of brain trauma guidelines being developed to protect athletes and those playing youth sports. They further state that brain trauma education should be mandatory for all coaches, athletes and parents.
Repetitive brain trauma, which includes concussive blows to the head has not, until recently, been treated seriously. With recent research, every indication shows that concussions must be treated with extreme caution and importance. It is urged that this must begin today because tomorrow is too late.
With autopsy, there has been evidence found in many athletes since 2008. In the eleven professional football players who received autopsies, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy was discovered in each case. Studies have shown that with repetitive blows, the brain significantly alters permanently.
For those suffering from CTE, they will show symptoms of dementia, memory loss, aggression, confusion and depression. These symptoms can appear quite soon following injuries or may not appear until decades later. Behaviors may be similar to those who suffer from Alzheimer's Disease. It is a build-up of an abnormal protein call tau which clumps in and around the brain disrupting its function.
Some initial symptoms are: attention deterioration, disorientation, dizziness, headaches, slowed muscular movements, tremors and vertigo. As the disease progresses, individuals may display erratic behavior and possibly symptoms similar to those of Parkinson's disease. With CTE's further deterioration, overt symptoms of dementia will be evident, along with speech difficulties, gait abnormalities, difficulty swallowing, a drooping eyelid and lack of control of facial muscles.
Concussions therefore, must be taken extremely seriously. Three weeks should be the minimum time for recovery with a graduated level of activity constituting initially of only light activity progressing gradually to more physical contact. Parents and coaches need to be particularly diligent in watching for subtle changes in athlete's behavior following a concussion and especially when there has been more than one concussion. Children playing contact sports are running long-term risks as some concussions are not being diagnosed.
Studies are being done in an attempt to delay the onset of dementia following concussions. Some athletes are now leaving their brains to scientists so more studies can be done to determine how CTE can be prevented.
According to Boston University, the disease was first discovered in boxers as early as the 1920's. Researchers have noted a pattern of suicide and suicidal behavior in CTE victims. Professional football players, especially those playing in the positions of lineman and linebacker, typically receive multiple hits to the head during every game and practice. It is estimated that they could receive as many as 1,000 hits per season.
Researchers are expounding the importance of brain trauma guidelines being developed to protect athletes and those playing youth sports. They further state that brain trauma education should be mandatory for all coaches, athletes and parents.
Repetitive brain trauma, which includes concussive blows to the head has not, until recently, been treated seriously. With recent research, every indication shows that concussions must be treated with extreme caution and importance. It is urged that this must begin today because tomorrow is too late.
Monday, May 23, 2011
How to Keep Your Brain From Aging
Most of what has been discovered about the brain has been learned in the last twenty years. It is known now that cognitive decline as we age does not have to be our future. There are many ways that we can slow down the process and keep our brains healthy and youthful.
There are signs to let you know when your brain is aging: memory loss, mental exhaustion and difficulty multitasking. What can we do about it? We can make personal choices to keep our brains younger in order to avoid what some people call senior moments. The following are some of the many choices we can make:
- Oxygen is very important to our brains. If we live a sedentary lifestyle, we don't get enough oxygen. It is important to get a lot of exercise and fresh air; deep breathe and yawn. Exercise grows brain cells.
- Our brains are comprised mostly of water so it is necessary to keep hydrated. Most people need at least eight glasses of water, tea, juice, etc. every day.
- Proper nutrition is very important for our brains. Protein especially means brain growth and makes our brains more focused. Some of the foods that are important to have in our diets are nuts, eggs, fish, white meat, whole grains, fruits and colorful vegetables. An example of a healthy breakfast is fruit, whole grain and a protein.
- Other healthy foods for the brain are: wheat germ, cauliflower, soybeans, brown rice, turkey, soy products, walnuts, pumpkin seeds, olive oil, peanut butter, beans and avocados.
- Foods high in antioxidants are especially helpful for keeping a youthful brain. These include carrots, yams, spinach, cranberries, apples, prunes, plums, tomatoes, grapes, strawberries and raspberries. Blueberries are the winner in the antioxidant category.
- Herbs such as garlic, mint, rosemary, thyme and barley are also good for the brain as is green tea.
- It is important to take supplements, or those foods rich in Omega 3's which include fish and flax seed. A general multivitamin supplement is recommended plus vitamin C, the B vitamins and particularly for seniors, vitamins D and E.
- Stress and sleep deprivation take a heavy toll on the brain. Other things are saturated fats and trans fatty acids also. White sugar is poison, not only for your health but for your brain too.
- Smoking is detrimental to the brain as it damages blood vessels and can cause blood clots. And too much caffeine reduces blood flow to the brain.
- Overuse of alcohol detrimentally affects the brain. Hangovers are brain damage.
Education should never stop. Learning is a safeguard against memory loss. It is important to take on mental challenges and do problem solving. Be curious. Ask questions. Unfamiliar activities are the brain's best friend. Be creative and spontaneous. Travel, learn a foreign language, go to a symphony or an opera, especially if you've never gone before. Try your hand at art, sew, build or knit. Do Sudoku and crossword puzzles.
Protect your brain from insults, i.e.: concussions or injuries by making wise choices, i.e.: wearing a helmet and using a seat belt.
But it's also important to take time to relax, have fun and enjoy nature; enjoy close support of family and friends. See the humor in life; worry less and laugh more. By doing so, while you are keeping your brain healthy and youthful, you are also helping yourself along the path of longevity.
There are signs to let you know when your brain is aging: memory loss, mental exhaustion and difficulty multitasking. What can we do about it? We can make personal choices to keep our brains younger in order to avoid what some people call senior moments. The following are some of the many choices we can make:
- Oxygen is very important to our brains. If we live a sedentary lifestyle, we don't get enough oxygen. It is important to get a lot of exercise and fresh air; deep breathe and yawn. Exercise grows brain cells.
- Our brains are comprised mostly of water so it is necessary to keep hydrated. Most people need at least eight glasses of water, tea, juice, etc. every day.
- Proper nutrition is very important for our brains. Protein especially means brain growth and makes our brains more focused. Some of the foods that are important to have in our diets are nuts, eggs, fish, white meat, whole grains, fruits and colorful vegetables. An example of a healthy breakfast is fruit, whole grain and a protein.
- Other healthy foods for the brain are: wheat germ, cauliflower, soybeans, brown rice, turkey, soy products, walnuts, pumpkin seeds, olive oil, peanut butter, beans and avocados.
- Foods high in antioxidants are especially helpful for keeping a youthful brain. These include carrots, yams, spinach, cranberries, apples, prunes, plums, tomatoes, grapes, strawberries and raspberries. Blueberries are the winner in the antioxidant category.
- Herbs such as garlic, mint, rosemary, thyme and barley are also good for the brain as is green tea.
- It is important to take supplements, or those foods rich in Omega 3's which include fish and flax seed. A general multivitamin supplement is recommended plus vitamin C, the B vitamins and particularly for seniors, vitamins D and E.
- Stress and sleep deprivation take a heavy toll on the brain. Other things are saturated fats and trans fatty acids also. White sugar is poison, not only for your health but for your brain too.
- Smoking is detrimental to the brain as it damages blood vessels and can cause blood clots. And too much caffeine reduces blood flow to the brain.
- Overuse of alcohol detrimentally affects the brain. Hangovers are brain damage.
Education should never stop. Learning is a safeguard against memory loss. It is important to take on mental challenges and do problem solving. Be curious. Ask questions. Unfamiliar activities are the brain's best friend. Be creative and spontaneous. Travel, learn a foreign language, go to a symphony or an opera, especially if you've never gone before. Try your hand at art, sew, build or knit. Do Sudoku and crossword puzzles.
Protect your brain from insults, i.e.: concussions or injuries by making wise choices, i.e.: wearing a helmet and using a seat belt.
But it's also important to take time to relax, have fun and enjoy nature; enjoy close support of family and friends. See the humor in life; worry less and laugh more. By doing so, while you are keeping your brain healthy and youthful, you are also helping yourself along the path of longevity.
Tuesday, May 17, 2011
Bipolar Disorder - Symptoms and Treatment
Bipolar disorder, or manic depression, causes serious shifts in mood, thinking, behavior and energy, from the highs of mania to the lows of depression. These extremes of moods can last a day, weeks or even months.
These swings are often so intense that they can interfere with the ability to function causing difficulties with work performance, school and relationships. It will often run in families although there is no known cause. The first episode usually occurs in the teenage years or as a young adult. Although there are episodes of mania and depression, there is often more depressive episodes than manic.
There are four types of mood episodes within the bipolar disorder realm. These are mania, hypomania, depression and mixed emotions. With mania, there is high energy, creativity, euphoria, hyperactive behavior, excessive talking, little need for sleep, the feeling of being invincible, unrealistic expectations and ideas, acting recklessly without thinking about the consequences and, having grandiose ideas. Hypomania is similar but to a lesser degree than mania.
With depression, sufferers are irritable, unpredictable, experience mood swings, have feelings of restlessness, require more sleep, may gain weight, be fatigued, feel sad, lack energy, may develop psychotic depression where they lose contact with reality, may have feelings of hopelessness and guilt, or possibly harbor thoughts of suicide and death.
Those with mixed episodes will suffer from depression with agitation, irritability, anxiety, insomnia and racing thoughts. Their high energy and low moods increase their risk of suicide.
Other symptoms of bipolar are that those suffering from the disorder may find their judgment as well as memory, concentration, appetite, sleep, and sex drive may be affected. It has been discovered to be linked to anxiety, substance abuse, migraines and some health problems such as high blood pressure.
Diagnosing bipolar disorder early helps prevent further complications. Treatment is long-term because bipolar is a chronic condition. Treatment must continue even when the person feels better because when treatment is discontinued, episodes will likely resume.
Medication is important in the treatment of bipolar but therapy and self-help strategies play important roles also. Exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, eating well, keeping stress to a minimum and being surrounded by supportive people will help. These lifestyle changes may be necessary as well as keeping medication closely monitored. Treatment is more than relieving symptoms; it is an effort to control future episodes. It is important to learn relaxation techniques, i.e.: meditation and yoga can be helpful in this; joining a support group; making healthy choices, i.e.: avoiding overuse of alcohol and taking the required medication.
Over-the-counter cold medications, caffeine and thyroid medication can sometimes trigger mania. Sleep deprivation may trigger mania as well. Manic episodes are more common during the summer and depressive episodes during other seasons.
Being able to recognize the symptoms of bipolar disorder in yourself or someone close to you will help in getting early diagnosis and treatment to enable you to live a life that is not hampered by episodes of mania or depression.
These swings are often so intense that they can interfere with the ability to function causing difficulties with work performance, school and relationships. It will often run in families although there is no known cause. The first episode usually occurs in the teenage years or as a young adult. Although there are episodes of mania and depression, there is often more depressive episodes than manic.
There are four types of mood episodes within the bipolar disorder realm. These are mania, hypomania, depression and mixed emotions. With mania, there is high energy, creativity, euphoria, hyperactive behavior, excessive talking, little need for sleep, the feeling of being invincible, unrealistic expectations and ideas, acting recklessly without thinking about the consequences and, having grandiose ideas. Hypomania is similar but to a lesser degree than mania.
With depression, sufferers are irritable, unpredictable, experience mood swings, have feelings of restlessness, require more sleep, may gain weight, be fatigued, feel sad, lack energy, may develop psychotic depression where they lose contact with reality, may have feelings of hopelessness and guilt, or possibly harbor thoughts of suicide and death.
Those with mixed episodes will suffer from depression with agitation, irritability, anxiety, insomnia and racing thoughts. Their high energy and low moods increase their risk of suicide.
Other symptoms of bipolar are that those suffering from the disorder may find their judgment as well as memory, concentration, appetite, sleep, and sex drive may be affected. It has been discovered to be linked to anxiety, substance abuse, migraines and some health problems such as high blood pressure.
Diagnosing bipolar disorder early helps prevent further complications. Treatment is long-term because bipolar is a chronic condition. Treatment must continue even when the person feels better because when treatment is discontinued, episodes will likely resume.
Medication is important in the treatment of bipolar but therapy and self-help strategies play important roles also. Exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, eating well, keeping stress to a minimum and being surrounded by supportive people will help. These lifestyle changes may be necessary as well as keeping medication closely monitored. Treatment is more than relieving symptoms; it is an effort to control future episodes. It is important to learn relaxation techniques, i.e.: meditation and yoga can be helpful in this; joining a support group; making healthy choices, i.e.: avoiding overuse of alcohol and taking the required medication.
Over-the-counter cold medications, caffeine and thyroid medication can sometimes trigger mania. Sleep deprivation may trigger mania as well. Manic episodes are more common during the summer and depressive episodes during other seasons.
Being able to recognize the symptoms of bipolar disorder in yourself or someone close to you will help in getting early diagnosis and treatment to enable you to live a life that is not hampered by episodes of mania or depression.
Monday, May 16, 2011
Frontal Lobe Injuries and Their Resulting Damage
The frontal lobe is often involved in traumatic brain injuries. When the head is struck, the frontal lobes will hit the inside of the skull which can cause considerable damage. This resulting damage can alter life following an injury especially if there has been no rehabilitation.
The frontal lobe is made up of the precentral cortex, prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and the superior mesial and inferior mesial regions. Each area has a particular function. But the frontal lobe, in general, is the brain's emotional center and is responsible for higher functioning. Although this is true, no part of the brain works in isolation.
Frontal lobe injuries can affect motor functions, problem solving, memory, social and sexual behavior. It can also affect language skills, impulse control and make changes to the personality. The damage incurred affects feelings of empathy, sympathy, humor and whether appropriate judgments are made.
Functions of the frontal lobe areas involves the ability to recognize future consequences resulting from current actions, an ability to choose between good and bad actions and to recognize the similarity or differences between things.
The frontal lobe assists in retaining long term memories. When this area has been injured, mental flexibility will be impaired. Talking may increase or decrease dramatically. Also, there may be impaired perceptions, possible loss of taste or smell, potential attention difficulties which will make a person easily distracted. Thinking may be inflexible showing perseveration which is an inability to switch from one line of thinking to another. Those with frontal lobe injuries may also lack motivation, the ability to plan and organize and may have difficulty making decisions. Abstract and complex thinking may also be problematic.
Damages such as these often make holding a job more difficult because of the inability to perform work consistently and because problem solving and motor skills have usually been affected.
The hope of successfully returning to work is through rehabilitation. The multidisciplinary approach to rehabilitation is mostly favored which includes specialists from neurology, psychology, occupational therapy, physical therapy, speech therapy and cognitive therapy. Other rehabilitation is developing strategies to overcome deficits. It is important that rehabilitation encourage, motivate and empower.
Rehabilitation involves working on functions that can be restored and learning how to do things differently. Neuro-functional strengths and weaknesses are considered. After strengths are developed, more complex skills can be added. The large brain skills must be retrained or developed before the small skills can be developed. And this must happen before intellectual activity can be worked on and be successful.
When there has been an injury to the frontal lobes, rehabilitation is important and the goal is to help individuals progress to the most independent level of functioning possible.
The frontal lobe is made up of the precentral cortex, prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and the superior mesial and inferior mesial regions. Each area has a particular function. But the frontal lobe, in general, is the brain's emotional center and is responsible for higher functioning. Although this is true, no part of the brain works in isolation.
Frontal lobe injuries can affect motor functions, problem solving, memory, social and sexual behavior. It can also affect language skills, impulse control and make changes to the personality. The damage incurred affects feelings of empathy, sympathy, humor and whether appropriate judgments are made.
Functions of the frontal lobe areas involves the ability to recognize future consequences resulting from current actions, an ability to choose between good and bad actions and to recognize the similarity or differences between things.
The frontal lobe assists in retaining long term memories. When this area has been injured, mental flexibility will be impaired. Talking may increase or decrease dramatically. Also, there may be impaired perceptions, possible loss of taste or smell, potential attention difficulties which will make a person easily distracted. Thinking may be inflexible showing perseveration which is an inability to switch from one line of thinking to another. Those with frontal lobe injuries may also lack motivation, the ability to plan and organize and may have difficulty making decisions. Abstract and complex thinking may also be problematic.
Damages such as these often make holding a job more difficult because of the inability to perform work consistently and because problem solving and motor skills have usually been affected.
The hope of successfully returning to work is through rehabilitation. The multidisciplinary approach to rehabilitation is mostly favored which includes specialists from neurology, psychology, occupational therapy, physical therapy, speech therapy and cognitive therapy. Other rehabilitation is developing strategies to overcome deficits. It is important that rehabilitation encourage, motivate and empower.
Rehabilitation involves working on functions that can be restored and learning how to do things differently. Neuro-functional strengths and weaknesses are considered. After strengths are developed, more complex skills can be added. The large brain skills must be retrained or developed before the small skills can be developed. And this must happen before intellectual activity can be worked on and be successful.
When there has been an injury to the frontal lobes, rehabilitation is important and the goal is to help individuals progress to the most independent level of functioning possible.
Wednesday, May 11, 2011
Alzheimers and the Boomer Generation
Beginning this year, 10,000 baby boomers a day will turn sixty-five. Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive, degenerative disease and generally develops in people over sixty-five years of age but can start earlier. The biggest factor is age which puts the aging baby boomer population at risk.
Other risk factors are a history of Alzheimer's in your family, environmental issues, high blood pressure, poor diet and lack of exercise. It is estimated that one out of every eight boomers will suffer from Alzheimer's in their lifetime. The average life expectancy of the disease is eight years but many can live as long as twenty years.
There are presently five million people living in the United States with Alzheimer's Disease and over 400,000 Canadians over sixty-five years of age diagnosed with the disease. Alzheimer's is devastating not only to the sufferer but to their families as well. As the condition escalates, people can forget where they live, the names of family members and friends and can become lost on their own street. They become isolated by how they think and by what they can't remember.
There is currently no proven way to cure Alzheimer's but there are ways to delay the onset of this vicious disease. Physical exercise can slow down the degeneration of the nervous system. Other things that depend on the healthy well-being of our brains are: adequate fluid intake, a balanced diet, sufficient sleep, a minimum of stress, maintaining a healthy weight and looking after your health.
The plasticity of the brain gives hope. We can all start building better brains by keeping them active. We can do this by continuous learning which stimulates our brain. Once we stop learning, our mental capacity declines, we lose brain power and our brain cells begin to shrink.
We're never too old to learn new things and our brain's capacity for learning is limitless. The more variety of learning we undertake, the less likely we will experience cognitive decline as we age.
The varieties of learning that are beneficial to our brain are many. Music is one excellent learning experience whether we sing, dance or learn to play a musical instrument. Music increases blood flow to the brain, stimulates creativity, improves memory as well as concentration. Reading, writing and math are also great for the brain. Reading improves not only our memory but our brain. Writing in a journal is excellent for improving the brain and the memory. And when solving math calculations, areas on both sides of the brain are activated. Art is also excellent for firing up the brain and allows us to build links between both sides of the brain.
It is important to begin increasing our brain power when we are young, but it is also never too late to start no matter our age. It is possible to grow new brain cells even as we age.
Generation Alheimers: The Defining Disease of the Baby Boomers http://www.alz-news.org
Alzheimers Society of Canada www.alzheimer.ca
Alzheimers Society of B.C. www.alzheimer.bc.org
Other risk factors are a history of Alzheimer's in your family, environmental issues, high blood pressure, poor diet and lack of exercise. It is estimated that one out of every eight boomers will suffer from Alzheimer's in their lifetime. The average life expectancy of the disease is eight years but many can live as long as twenty years.
There are presently five million people living in the United States with Alzheimer's Disease and over 400,000 Canadians over sixty-five years of age diagnosed with the disease. Alzheimer's is devastating not only to the sufferer but to their families as well. As the condition escalates, people can forget where they live, the names of family members and friends and can become lost on their own street. They become isolated by how they think and by what they can't remember.
There is currently no proven way to cure Alzheimer's but there are ways to delay the onset of this vicious disease. Physical exercise can slow down the degeneration of the nervous system. Other things that depend on the healthy well-being of our brains are: adequate fluid intake, a balanced diet, sufficient sleep, a minimum of stress, maintaining a healthy weight and looking after your health.
The plasticity of the brain gives hope. We can all start building better brains by keeping them active. We can do this by continuous learning which stimulates our brain. Once we stop learning, our mental capacity declines, we lose brain power and our brain cells begin to shrink.
We're never too old to learn new things and our brain's capacity for learning is limitless. The more variety of learning we undertake, the less likely we will experience cognitive decline as we age.
The varieties of learning that are beneficial to our brain are many. Music is one excellent learning experience whether we sing, dance or learn to play a musical instrument. Music increases blood flow to the brain, stimulates creativity, improves memory as well as concentration. Reading, writing and math are also great for the brain. Reading improves not only our memory but our brain. Writing in a journal is excellent for improving the brain and the memory. And when solving math calculations, areas on both sides of the brain are activated. Art is also excellent for firing up the brain and allows us to build links between both sides of the brain.
It is important to begin increasing our brain power when we are young, but it is also never too late to start no matter our age. It is possible to grow new brain cells even as we age.
Generation Alheimers: The Defining Disease of the Baby Boomers http://www.alz-news.org
Alzheimers Society of Canada www.alzheimer.ca
Alzheimers Society of B.C. www.alzheimer.bc.org
Tuesday, May 10, 2011
Short Term Memory Loss Following a Traumatic Brain Injury
Following a traumatic brain injury, short term memory loss will be affected, especially if it has been a frontal lobe injury. Short term memory is the ability to remember a piece of information in order to complete a task.
Not focusing, thinking of too many things at one time, not paying attention, not listening and becoming distracted all contribute to difficulties with short term memory. The following are some ways to help manage short term memory problems:
- to help with memory, repeat information received, i.e.: a telephone number, a person's name, an address, or remembering what you were planning to do, i.e.: going upstairs to get something, remembering the three things you were going to get at the store;
- make lists and follow them, have a daytimer or use a calendar with squares large enough to write notes on, use a message board or notebook. Try each method then decide which works best for you. These memory assistants will help you to remember appointments, shopping items or your to do list. They will also remind you about things you want to take somewhere or something you want to tell someone. Daytimers or calendars are also excellent for reminders of future commitments;
- be organized, i.e.: put medication in a daily pill container, put things in the same place so you don't have to look for them, i.e.: your slippers or your house and car keys. Also, do things at the same time each day, i.e.: feeding your dog or cat or watering your plants on a certain day each week, possibly every Monday;
- establish habits – once you are used to doing something it will come naturally rather than having to remember it, i.e.: put out all the things you will need for the following morning before you retire for the night so you won't forget things when you are rushing to leave in the morning;
- write everything down. The process of physically writing something down helps to remember it;
- keep things together so you don't have to look all over for things and won't forget something when you are in a hurry, i.e.: gym equipment such as shoes, work-out gear and a towel, school supplies and work items. Cloth or canvas bags are an excellent way to keep things together.
Outside stimulation such as the loud music played at some gyms, the chaos and noise of rush hour traffic and crowds of people can all have an affect on memory. Stress also will play a part. Try to limit this type of sensory input and find opportunities to take a few minutes to close your eyes and relax, or go for a walk in nature to eliminate stress.
Getting seven to eight hours of sleep each night will also help with short term memory loss. Also, attempt to get to bed at the same time each night. To help alleviate memory loss, before going to sleep each night think back over your whole day and maybe even the day before. This practice will help to improve memory. Avoiding alcohol will help with the problem of short term memory loss as well and doing brain exercises such as crossword puzzles can benefit the brain too.
A lot of our memory can be a belief in ourselves and a determination to remember by remaining focused and working towards the goal of improving our short term memory loss. This is especially true following a traumatic brain injury.
Not focusing, thinking of too many things at one time, not paying attention, not listening and becoming distracted all contribute to difficulties with short term memory. The following are some ways to help manage short term memory problems:
- to help with memory, repeat information received, i.e.: a telephone number, a person's name, an address, or remembering what you were planning to do, i.e.: going upstairs to get something, remembering the three things you were going to get at the store;
- make lists and follow them, have a daytimer or use a calendar with squares large enough to write notes on, use a message board or notebook. Try each method then decide which works best for you. These memory assistants will help you to remember appointments, shopping items or your to do list. They will also remind you about things you want to take somewhere or something you want to tell someone. Daytimers or calendars are also excellent for reminders of future commitments;
- be organized, i.e.: put medication in a daily pill container, put things in the same place so you don't have to look for them, i.e.: your slippers or your house and car keys. Also, do things at the same time each day, i.e.: feeding your dog or cat or watering your plants on a certain day each week, possibly every Monday;
- establish habits – once you are used to doing something it will come naturally rather than having to remember it, i.e.: put out all the things you will need for the following morning before you retire for the night so you won't forget things when you are rushing to leave in the morning;
- write everything down. The process of physically writing something down helps to remember it;
- keep things together so you don't have to look all over for things and won't forget something when you are in a hurry, i.e.: gym equipment such as shoes, work-out gear and a towel, school supplies and work items. Cloth or canvas bags are an excellent way to keep things together.
Outside stimulation such as the loud music played at some gyms, the chaos and noise of rush hour traffic and crowds of people can all have an affect on memory. Stress also will play a part. Try to limit this type of sensory input and find opportunities to take a few minutes to close your eyes and relax, or go for a walk in nature to eliminate stress.
Getting seven to eight hours of sleep each night will also help with short term memory loss. Also, attempt to get to bed at the same time each night. To help alleviate memory loss, before going to sleep each night think back over your whole day and maybe even the day before. This practice will help to improve memory. Avoiding alcohol will help with the problem of short term memory loss as well and doing brain exercises such as crossword puzzles can benefit the brain too.
A lot of our memory can be a belief in ourselves and a determination to remember by remaining focused and working towards the goal of improving our short term memory loss. This is especially true following a traumatic brain injury.
Sunday, April 17, 2011
What Do You Know About ADHD?
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral developmental disorder dealing mainly with attention difficulties and hyperactivity. Although often considered to be chiefly a child related issue, adults also have it with many never having been diagnosed.
Symptoms usually become noticeable in a child before they are seven years old. The following are some of these symptoms:
- difficulties with impulse control and antisocial behaviors. Some may act out by exhibiting defiant behavior;
- easily distracted, problems with completing tasks and difficulty in following instructions;
- will have difficulty in focusing, will tend to daydream when they should be doing other things and are easily bored;
- has poor organizational abilities, will often talk non-stop and may be hyper;
forgets important things, sometimes losing them and is often impatient.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder affecting three to five percent of young children and is diagnosed in two to sixteen percent of school aged children. About 4.7 percent of adults live with ADHD. For those children who were diagnosed with ADHD, it will continue into adulthood. However, there are many adults who have ADHD but who have never been diagnosed.
It is believed that genetics is a large factor in ADHD. But issues such as nutrition and social environment may have a bearing as well. Also, it is believed there may be a potential link between smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy, contact with high levels of lead or possible consumption of some food additives such as artificial colors or preservatives.
To help reduce symptoms, treatments may include medication, psychotherapy, educational training or a combination of all three. Some medications can have side effects such as a decrease in appetite, sleeping problems, anxiety, irritability, stomach aches or headaches. Medication does not cure ADHD, it will only help to control the symptoms while it is being taken.
Psychotherapy includes behavioral therapy and assistance with social skills. For adults who have never been diagnosed, this can be extremely challenging but they are also usually more highly motivated because they know that treatment for them will make a big difference. They already know how challenging their lives have been. For some adults, they may also be suffering from anxiety and depression.
When ADHD is being diagnosed, sleeping disorders, tic disorders and behavioral problems may be confused with, or appear with ADHD. Most children diagnosed with ADHD quite often have at least one other developmental or psychiatric problem such as depression or bipolar disorder. For diagnosis in children, they should have at least six attention symptoms or six hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms presenting before the age of seven. These symptoms should be present for at least six months and be severe enough to cause difficulties with school, work and other areas of their life. Diagnosis of adult ADHD is somewhat more involved.
Many of those with ADHD have learned over time to adapt to the problems relating to this disorder.
Symptoms usually become noticeable in a child before they are seven years old. The following are some of these symptoms:
- difficulties with impulse control and antisocial behaviors. Some may act out by exhibiting defiant behavior;
- easily distracted, problems with completing tasks and difficulty in following instructions;
- will have difficulty in focusing, will tend to daydream when they should be doing other things and are easily bored;
- has poor organizational abilities, will often talk non-stop and may be hyper;
forgets important things, sometimes losing them and is often impatient.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder affecting three to five percent of young children and is diagnosed in two to sixteen percent of school aged children. About 4.7 percent of adults live with ADHD. For those children who were diagnosed with ADHD, it will continue into adulthood. However, there are many adults who have ADHD but who have never been diagnosed.
It is believed that genetics is a large factor in ADHD. But issues such as nutrition and social environment may have a bearing as well. Also, it is believed there may be a potential link between smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy, contact with high levels of lead or possible consumption of some food additives such as artificial colors or preservatives.
To help reduce symptoms, treatments may include medication, psychotherapy, educational training or a combination of all three. Some medications can have side effects such as a decrease in appetite, sleeping problems, anxiety, irritability, stomach aches or headaches. Medication does not cure ADHD, it will only help to control the symptoms while it is being taken.
Psychotherapy includes behavioral therapy and assistance with social skills. For adults who have never been diagnosed, this can be extremely challenging but they are also usually more highly motivated because they know that treatment for them will make a big difference. They already know how challenging their lives have been. For some adults, they may also be suffering from anxiety and depression.
When ADHD is being diagnosed, sleeping disorders, tic disorders and behavioral problems may be confused with, or appear with ADHD. Most children diagnosed with ADHD quite often have at least one other developmental or psychiatric problem such as depression or bipolar disorder. For diagnosis in children, they should have at least six attention symptoms or six hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms presenting before the age of seven. These symptoms should be present for at least six months and be severe enough to cause difficulties with school, work and other areas of their life. Diagnosis of adult ADHD is somewhat more involved.
Many of those with ADHD have learned over time to adapt to the problems relating to this disorder.
Wednesday, March 30, 2011
What is the Difference Between a Traumatic Brain Injury and an Acquired Head Injury|?
Although a traumatic brain injury and an acquired head injury are brought about by very different reasons, each affects a person's life in ways that change how they once lived. When you know and understand the difference between the two, it is easier to know what to do to begin the recovery process.
A traumatic brain injury is a sudden injury to the head causing damage to the brain. It can be a closed head injury or a penetrating one. It can affect one area of the brain or more than one area. When there is a penetration, the skull will be pierced and a piece of the bone from the skull may enter the brain tissue. With a closed head injury, there is no break in the skull. A skull fracture is when the skull cracks and broken pieces of bone cut into the brain.
The different types of traumatic brain injuries are:
- diffuse axonal injuries where damage occurs over a widespread area of the brain. It is a major cause of persistent vegetative state after head trauma;
- coup injuries occur under the site of impact with an object. With a coup injury, on collision with an object the head stops and the brain collides with the inside of the skull;
- contrecoup injuries usually occur on the opposite side from the area that has been impacted. Contrecoup injuries are a result of the shaken baby syndrome. It is usually associated with cerebral contusion;
- contusions are bruising of the brain;
- concussions are a jarring injury to the brain.
These types of injuries are generally caused by motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports injuries or physical violence. Most will result in cognitive disabilities and difficulties with physical and emotional functioning with contusions and concussions being possible exceptions.
Acquired brain injuries are acquired after birth and will change neuronal activity. They are caused by heart attacks, strokes, aneurysms, meningitis, loss of oxygen, neurosurgery, brain tumors, infections, poisoning, substance abuse, choking or near drownings. The most common cause of acquired brain injuries is a traumatic injury to the brain. It is not genetic or congenital and no one is born with an acquired head injury.
Acquired brain injuries will contribute to problems with cognitive abilities, thought coordination, communication difficulties, organizational skills and memory, physical problems, social difficulties and independent functioning.
Victims of ABI retain their intellectual abilities but because behavior and thinking can be altered, it may be necessary to make a life adjustment to accommodate their new circumstances. Adjustments are critical for recovery and rehabilitation.
Like traumatic brain injuries, for those who have suffered from an acquired brain injury, no two will be the same. Differences will depend on where the injury has been sustained, the areas affected, and upon the personality of the person both pre-injury and post-injury.
In both cases, attitude and effort will make a big difference in what a person will be able to accomplish when working towards recovery.
A traumatic brain injury is a sudden injury to the head causing damage to the brain. It can be a closed head injury or a penetrating one. It can affect one area of the brain or more than one area. When there is a penetration, the skull will be pierced and a piece of the bone from the skull may enter the brain tissue. With a closed head injury, there is no break in the skull. A skull fracture is when the skull cracks and broken pieces of bone cut into the brain.
The different types of traumatic brain injuries are:
- diffuse axonal injuries where damage occurs over a widespread area of the brain. It is a major cause of persistent vegetative state after head trauma;
- coup injuries occur under the site of impact with an object. With a coup injury, on collision with an object the head stops and the brain collides with the inside of the skull;
- contrecoup injuries usually occur on the opposite side from the area that has been impacted. Contrecoup injuries are a result of the shaken baby syndrome. It is usually associated with cerebral contusion;
- contusions are bruising of the brain;
- concussions are a jarring injury to the brain.
These types of injuries are generally caused by motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports injuries or physical violence. Most will result in cognitive disabilities and difficulties with physical and emotional functioning with contusions and concussions being possible exceptions.
Acquired brain injuries are acquired after birth and will change neuronal activity. They are caused by heart attacks, strokes, aneurysms, meningitis, loss of oxygen, neurosurgery, brain tumors, infections, poisoning, substance abuse, choking or near drownings. The most common cause of acquired brain injuries is a traumatic injury to the brain. It is not genetic or congenital and no one is born with an acquired head injury.
Acquired brain injuries will contribute to problems with cognitive abilities, thought coordination, communication difficulties, organizational skills and memory, physical problems, social difficulties and independent functioning.
Victims of ABI retain their intellectual abilities but because behavior and thinking can be altered, it may be necessary to make a life adjustment to accommodate their new circumstances. Adjustments are critical for recovery and rehabilitation.
Like traumatic brain injuries, for those who have suffered from an acquired brain injury, no two will be the same. Differences will depend on where the injury has been sustained, the areas affected, and upon the personality of the person both pre-injury and post-injury.
In both cases, attitude and effort will make a big difference in what a person will be able to accomplish when working towards recovery.
Thursday, March 17, 2011
Acquired Head Injuries and Personality Changes
Although there are many causes of acquired head injuries, strokes are the most common. And because strokes are usually followed by stress, anxiety, depression and physiological changes the stroke sufferer is experiencing, personality changes are quite often the result.
In many cases, the sufferer is having difficulty moving and speaking and will have lost their independence as a result of their stroke. Those who had pre-stroke tendencies towards handling stress well, coping with adversity and were optimistic by nature, are more likely to react better following a stroke. Those whose pre-stroke personalities made them prone to anger, anxiety or depression will find stroke rehabilitation discouraging. Lack of motivation is a common reaction with the latter group when recovery is slow and especially if there are many setbacks. And depression and apathy can follow quickly thereafter.
Personality changes are differences in behavior, thinking and interactions of someone from what their normal character has previously been. Personalities are vulnerable to changes following a stroke but these changes may not always be permanent. Once there is an improvement in their abilities, their personality may return to their pre-stroke behavior and way of looking at things.
Some stroke sufferers may have uncontrolled bouts of crying or laughing. Some may have reduced patience and increased frustration levels, be more impulsive, lack self-confidence, be self-centered, more emotional or behave inappropriately. Others may suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder which is a fear of helplessness. Some have difficulty functioning socially and many have symptoms of identity loss which can lead to changes in their personalities. Identity loss is the feeling that many stroke sufferers have because of how they see themselves following a stroke. Their lives have been altered, especially if there have been major changes in their functioning abilities.
The following are some of the ways to help a stroke victim:
- treat them with respect and listen to what is bothering them;
- offer praise when they make an effort to work towards recovery;
- allow them to make choices. It is often necessary, however, to ensure that their choices are not ones that will place them at risk;
- discuss their personality changes with them and determine if they can identify and understand the changes in themselves;
- if they have an awareness, help them towards developing compensatory strategies;
- express your feelings about the changes and encourage them to discuss how they feel about the changes;
- discuss with them how personality changes have impacted their relationships.
If they are uncomfortable discussing their personality changes with someone close to them, perhaps it would be easier for them to do it with a third party, unbiased person who is not closely involved with them. Being aware of their personality changes can help considerably towards being able to work on them.
In many cases, the sufferer is having difficulty moving and speaking and will have lost their independence as a result of their stroke. Those who had pre-stroke tendencies towards handling stress well, coping with adversity and were optimistic by nature, are more likely to react better following a stroke. Those whose pre-stroke personalities made them prone to anger, anxiety or depression will find stroke rehabilitation discouraging. Lack of motivation is a common reaction with the latter group when recovery is slow and especially if there are many setbacks. And depression and apathy can follow quickly thereafter.
Personality changes are differences in behavior, thinking and interactions of someone from what their normal character has previously been. Personalities are vulnerable to changes following a stroke but these changes may not always be permanent. Once there is an improvement in their abilities, their personality may return to their pre-stroke behavior and way of looking at things.
Some stroke sufferers may have uncontrolled bouts of crying or laughing. Some may have reduced patience and increased frustration levels, be more impulsive, lack self-confidence, be self-centered, more emotional or behave inappropriately. Others may suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder which is a fear of helplessness. Some have difficulty functioning socially and many have symptoms of identity loss which can lead to changes in their personalities. Identity loss is the feeling that many stroke sufferers have because of how they see themselves following a stroke. Their lives have been altered, especially if there have been major changes in their functioning abilities.
The following are some of the ways to help a stroke victim:
- treat them with respect and listen to what is bothering them;
- offer praise when they make an effort to work towards recovery;
- allow them to make choices. It is often necessary, however, to ensure that their choices are not ones that will place them at risk;
- discuss their personality changes with them and determine if they can identify and understand the changes in themselves;
- if they have an awareness, help them towards developing compensatory strategies;
- express your feelings about the changes and encourage them to discuss how they feel about the changes;
- discuss with them how personality changes have impacted their relationships.
If they are uncomfortable discussing their personality changes with someone close to them, perhaps it would be easier for them to do it with a third party, unbiased person who is not closely involved with them. Being aware of their personality changes can help considerably towards being able to work on them.
Friday, March 11, 2011
Brain Injury Awareness
March is the month set aside to remind all of us of the importance of increasing the quality of life for those suffering from both traumatic and acquired brain injuries. It is also a time to remember that there are things each of us can do to prevent brain injuries for ourselves and our families.
As the population ages, acquired brain injury in particular becomes a major concern. Acquired brain injuries are causes by internal forces such as strokes, tumors, infections, substance abuse, various illnesses and oxygen deprivation. Strokes are the leading cause of these types of brain injuries.
Symptoms of a stroke are:
- a sudden weakness or numbness of the face, arm or leg, particularly on one side of the body;
- a sudden dimness or loss of vision, usually in one eye;
- loss of speech or difficulty in understanding what others are saying;
- a sudden severe headache;
- unexplained dizziness or falling down, especially if experienced with one of the other symptoms.
Recovery from strokes varies largely depending upon the severity of it. Other things that contribute to recovery from a stroke depend on how quickly treatment was received and the type of treatment given, as well as the determination of the stroke sufferer to improve.
The following are some ways to reduce your risk of suffering from a stroke:
- control diabetes by watching your diet and monitoring your diabetes daily;
- control high blood pressure by monitoring and avoiding sodium or foods with high salt content;
- control your cholesterol level by watching your diet and exercising regularly;
- avoid smoking;
- limit alcohol intake;
- exercise regularly and avoid the risk of becoming overweight by eating a healthy diet;
- become active and avoid a sedentary lifestyle;
- avoid stress where possible;
- get regular check-ups and follow the advise of your doctor.
However, there are some things we do not have control over. Strokes do increase with age. Two-thirds of those who suffer from strokes are over sixty-five years of age. Gender also has a bearing. Twenty-five percent more men than women will have a stroke. For both men and women, having a family history of strokes or heart disease increases the risks of suffering from a stroke.
Each of us can do our part in eliminating the risk of stroke for ourselves and in those we care about by living a healthy lifestyle and encouraging others to do so also. Some of the ways we can do this is by getting out and walking, bicycling, swimming or joining a yoga group. And we can increase the amount of vegetables and fruit we eat and eliminate the foods that are not good for us.
March is a good time to get family and friends together to increase your activity and make the decision to live a more healthy lifestyle and have some fun as well.
As the population ages, acquired brain injury in particular becomes a major concern. Acquired brain injuries are causes by internal forces such as strokes, tumors, infections, substance abuse, various illnesses and oxygen deprivation. Strokes are the leading cause of these types of brain injuries.
Symptoms of a stroke are:
- a sudden weakness or numbness of the face, arm or leg, particularly on one side of the body;
- a sudden dimness or loss of vision, usually in one eye;
- loss of speech or difficulty in understanding what others are saying;
- a sudden severe headache;
- unexplained dizziness or falling down, especially if experienced with one of the other symptoms.
Recovery from strokes varies largely depending upon the severity of it. Other things that contribute to recovery from a stroke depend on how quickly treatment was received and the type of treatment given, as well as the determination of the stroke sufferer to improve.
The following are some ways to reduce your risk of suffering from a stroke:
- control diabetes by watching your diet and monitoring your diabetes daily;
- control high blood pressure by monitoring and avoiding sodium or foods with high salt content;
- control your cholesterol level by watching your diet and exercising regularly;
- avoid smoking;
- limit alcohol intake;
- exercise regularly and avoid the risk of becoming overweight by eating a healthy diet;
- become active and avoid a sedentary lifestyle;
- avoid stress where possible;
- get regular check-ups and follow the advise of your doctor.
However, there are some things we do not have control over. Strokes do increase with age. Two-thirds of those who suffer from strokes are over sixty-five years of age. Gender also has a bearing. Twenty-five percent more men than women will have a stroke. For both men and women, having a family history of strokes or heart disease increases the risks of suffering from a stroke.
Each of us can do our part in eliminating the risk of stroke for ourselves and in those we care about by living a healthy lifestyle and encouraging others to do so also. Some of the ways we can do this is by getting out and walking, bicycling, swimming or joining a yoga group. And we can increase the amount of vegetables and fruit we eat and eliminate the foods that are not good for us.
March is a good time to get family and friends together to increase your activity and make the decision to live a more healthy lifestyle and have some fun as well.
Multiple Head Injuries and Dementia
According to statistics, it is thought that repeated head injuries are the third most common cause of dementia. Repeated head injuries can be the result of concussions which are common with boxers in particular but with many other athletes as well.
Most in the medical field now agree that concussions are a mild head injury. Historically, concussions involved loss of consciousness but this does not always happen. However, when it does, it is considered to be a more serious brain injury than if there had been no loss of consciousness.
In the case of boxers, the onset of early dementia can begin about fifteen years following the first concussion. It is estimated that between fifteen and twenty percent of boxers can be affected but also hockey, soccer and football players who suffer multiple concussions can suffer the effects as well.
When concussions initially occur, sadly they may not be identified as such or may even be ignored. However, with rest, in time they will heal. Some of the possible initial symptoms of a concussion are headaches, dizziness, vomiting or nausea, blurred vision, confusion, slurred speech, tearfulness or irritability. There is no indication that someone who has suffered only one concussion is at risk for dementia.
It is important for athletes who are at risk for developing dementia in later life to do things to prevent or delay the onset of it. The following preventative measures should be taken:
- it is important to exercise consistently;
- eat a brain healthy diet;
- avoid smoking;
- avoid alcohol;
- challenge your brain by learning new things;
- get a lot of rest.
The nature of dementia depends on the type and location of the head injury and the person's characteristics previous to their injury. Dementia related symptoms are:
- memory difficulties;
- tremors and lack of coordination;
- speech and communication problems;
- difficulty walking;
- inappropriate behavior and paranoia;
- explosive anger;
- cognitive and emotional difficulties;
- personality changes;
- delusions and or hallucinations, confusion and disorientation;
- a decrease in problem solving abilities and judgment;
- depression and irritability;
- declining mental ability to think and concentrate;
- and possibly other prolonged and irreversible problems such as impaired recognition which will impact daily living and independence.
Rest is important during the healing process . A return to any sports' activities should be based on the severity of the concussion. Injured players should be symptom-free for one week following a concussion but if they become unconscious, all sports activities should be avoided for a month after all symptoms have cleared. It is important to avoid a second concussion until well after all symptoms have cleared. And if there is any swelling or bleeding of the brain, sports and the risk of another concussion, should be avoided for an indefinite period of time.
Most in the medical field now agree that concussions are a mild head injury. Historically, concussions involved loss of consciousness but this does not always happen. However, when it does, it is considered to be a more serious brain injury than if there had been no loss of consciousness.
In the case of boxers, the onset of early dementia can begin about fifteen years following the first concussion. It is estimated that between fifteen and twenty percent of boxers can be affected but also hockey, soccer and football players who suffer multiple concussions can suffer the effects as well.
When concussions initially occur, sadly they may not be identified as such or may even be ignored. However, with rest, in time they will heal. Some of the possible initial symptoms of a concussion are headaches, dizziness, vomiting or nausea, blurred vision, confusion, slurred speech, tearfulness or irritability. There is no indication that someone who has suffered only one concussion is at risk for dementia.
It is important for athletes who are at risk for developing dementia in later life to do things to prevent or delay the onset of it. The following preventative measures should be taken:
- it is important to exercise consistently;
- eat a brain healthy diet;
- avoid smoking;
- avoid alcohol;
- challenge your brain by learning new things;
- get a lot of rest.
The nature of dementia depends on the type and location of the head injury and the person's characteristics previous to their injury. Dementia related symptoms are:
- memory difficulties;
- tremors and lack of coordination;
- speech and communication problems;
- difficulty walking;
- inappropriate behavior and paranoia;
- explosive anger;
- cognitive and emotional difficulties;
- personality changes;
- delusions and or hallucinations, confusion and disorientation;
- a decrease in problem solving abilities and judgment;
- depression and irritability;
- declining mental ability to think and concentrate;
- and possibly other prolonged and irreversible problems such as impaired recognition which will impact daily living and independence.
Rest is important during the healing process . A return to any sports' activities should be based on the severity of the concussion. Injured players should be symptom-free for one week following a concussion but if they become unconscious, all sports activities should be avoided for a month after all symptoms have cleared. It is important to avoid a second concussion until well after all symptoms have cleared. And if there is any swelling or bleeding of the brain, sports and the risk of another concussion, should be avoided for an indefinite period of time.
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
Improving Our Brain and Reducing Our Risk of Alzheimer's Disease in Later Life
In an interview seen recently on television, Daniel Amen, M.D., clinical neuroscientist and adult and child psychologist was talking about his book 'Change Your Brain and Change Your Life'. His book is not only for those suffering from brain injury but apparently has information for everyone on how to increase the potential of our brains.
The following are some things that Dr. Amen claims can improve our brains now but will also lower our risk for Alzheimer's disease in later life:
- to exercise at least four times a week for a minimum of twenty minutes, preferably cardiocvascular exercises;
- to eat a diet high in vegetables (particularly the most colorful vegetables), fruit and fish but little or no red meat;
- to take omega 3 fish oil supplements;
- to take a daily multi-vitamin supplement;
- to eat blueberries (top of the list), cranberries and walnuts;
- to get a minimum of at least seven hours of sleep each night;
- to relax through meditation; and
-to drink a lot of water.
He also recommended that in order to be physically and mentally healthy throughout our lives drinking alcohol to excess and smoking also increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease down the road.
Not only will doing the above, according to Dr. Amen, reduce our risk of Alzheimer's disease, but it will also help those who suffer from Attention Deficit Disorder, who are obsessive-compulsive, who have negative thought patterns or inflexibility in their thinking.
Taken from another source is the suggestion that honey and cinnamon when taken together can increase alertness and vitality.
It is important to start looking after our brains as young as possible but as Dr. Amen points out, it is also never too late to start.
The following are some things that Dr. Amen claims can improve our brains now but will also lower our risk for Alzheimer's disease in later life:
- to exercise at least four times a week for a minimum of twenty minutes, preferably cardiocvascular exercises;
- to eat a diet high in vegetables (particularly the most colorful vegetables), fruit and fish but little or no red meat;
- to take omega 3 fish oil supplements;
- to take a daily multi-vitamin supplement;
- to eat blueberries (top of the list), cranberries and walnuts;
- to get a minimum of at least seven hours of sleep each night;
- to relax through meditation; and
-to drink a lot of water.
He also recommended that in order to be physically and mentally healthy throughout our lives drinking alcohol to excess and smoking also increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease down the road.
Not only will doing the above, according to Dr. Amen, reduce our risk of Alzheimer's disease, but it will also help those who suffer from Attention Deficit Disorder, who are obsessive-compulsive, who have negative thought patterns or inflexibility in their thinking.
Taken from another source is the suggestion that honey and cinnamon when taken together can increase alertness and vitality.
It is important to start looking after our brains as young as possible but as Dr. Amen points out, it is also never too late to start.
Thursday, February 10, 2011
The Effects of Marijuana on the Brain
Although there are a few positive aspects to the use of marijuana such as assisting and controlling pain and its use for cancer and AIDS patients, according to my research there are more negative than positive issues related to it. The following are some of the harmful, and not so harmful, effects of using marijuana:
- Marijuana can hinder the memory. While under the influence of marijuana, new information may not register and could be lost from memory.
- It can have a harmful affect on the central nervous system.
- It can affect the emotions causing depression, chronic anxiety or panic attacks in some people.
- Some users may be affected in such a way that one minute they will be laughing uncontrollably and in the next may be experiencing feelings of paranoia.
- It can trigger severe mental disturbances, particularly in the case where a brain has already been seriously hampered as in the case of someone who has suffered a brain injury, is schizophrenic or has a bipolar disorder.
- In some cases, and with repeated heavy usage, it can damage nerve cells.
- It could possibly contribute to cognitive impairment, while using, which will make learning difficult.
- It can cause psychotic reactions such as delusions or hallucinations.
- It may have an affect, on some users, on concentration abilities and distort perceptions, particularly as it relates to time.
- Usage of marijuana will slow the reflexes and reaction times thereby interfering with driving abilities.
- It can affect the release of dopamine which has the potential of creating medical problems.
Although some believe that those who use marijuana are more at risk for becoming addicted to harder drugs, in a 2006 United Kingdom government report, it was stated that they considered it to be less dangerous than tobacco, prescription drugs or alcohol.
Besides its ability to control pain, further research indicates that it can help to reduce stress, increase the libido and creativity, encourage philosophical thinking, enhance enjoyment of food and music and inhibit aggression, in some people.
But when looking at the issue of marijuana usage as a whole, the harmful effects to the brain seem to heavily outweigh any benefits there may be to the user.
- Marijuana can hinder the memory. While under the influence of marijuana, new information may not register and could be lost from memory.
- It can have a harmful affect on the central nervous system.
- It can affect the emotions causing depression, chronic anxiety or panic attacks in some people.
- Some users may be affected in such a way that one minute they will be laughing uncontrollably and in the next may be experiencing feelings of paranoia.
- It can trigger severe mental disturbances, particularly in the case where a brain has already been seriously hampered as in the case of someone who has suffered a brain injury, is schizophrenic or has a bipolar disorder.
- In some cases, and with repeated heavy usage, it can damage nerve cells.
- It could possibly contribute to cognitive impairment, while using, which will make learning difficult.
- It can cause psychotic reactions such as delusions or hallucinations.
- It may have an affect, on some users, on concentration abilities and distort perceptions, particularly as it relates to time.
- Usage of marijuana will slow the reflexes and reaction times thereby interfering with driving abilities.
- It can affect the release of dopamine which has the potential of creating medical problems.
Although some believe that those who use marijuana are more at risk for becoming addicted to harder drugs, in a 2006 United Kingdom government report, it was stated that they considered it to be less dangerous than tobacco, prescription drugs or alcohol.
Besides its ability to control pain, further research indicates that it can help to reduce stress, increase the libido and creativity, encourage philosophical thinking, enhance enjoyment of food and music and inhibit aggression, in some people.
But when looking at the issue of marijuana usage as a whole, the harmful effects to the brain seem to heavily outweigh any benefits there may be to the user.
Saturday, February 5, 2011
The Long Road Ahead for Gabrielle Giffords
No one knows how hard that road will be to travel better than Gabrielle Giffords. And even she doesn't know because it's an unfamiliar and uncharted road with no one, including herself, knowing what pitfalls there are going to be ahead or what the real extent of her brain injury will be.
Will her personality change? The Gabby Giffords that those who know her are familiar with would no doubt plunge fearlessly into the unknown territory of this challenge and fight to get better. But is she the same Gabby? Will she still have a smile on her face and an answer for the constituents she is representing? It will take time for that to be known by her medical team as well as by Gabby and her family.
One news source said she was recuperating from her traumatic brain injury. Anyone who has been involved with or has worked with someone who has suffered from a brain injury knows that no one 'recuperates' from one. They will improve, they will adapt and adjust and they will learn to cope but they don't recuperate. And at the very least, most will be left with some deficits. It is a tough road to walk and the hard work she is facing should not be forgotten or ignored when hearing news articles that appear to negate the extreme seriousness of her situation.
No two brain injuries are the same. Those with determination and the motivation to push themselves will definitely be ahead of the game. Also, if Gabby Giffords is fortunate enough to receive cognitive therapy and treatment as soon as possible, I feel very positive about her future outcome. I have seen first-hand the positive results of early therapy.
For more information about brain injuries go to:
- Lash & Associates Publishing/Training Inc. www.lapublishing.com
- The National Resource Center for Traumatic Brain Injury www.neuro.pmr.vcu.edu
- Brain Injury News and Information Blog www.BrainInjury.blogs.com
- Northeast Center for Special Care
- Brain Injury Association of North America www.biausa.org
I wish Gabrielle Giffords success as she faces her biggest challenge yet. She has a lot of things on her side though – her relatively young age, her strong personality (as evidenced by what she has already been able to accomplish in her life), and hopefully a determined spirit. Best wishes to Gabby and her family and to everyone who has suffered a traumatic brain injury.
Will her personality change? The Gabby Giffords that those who know her are familiar with would no doubt plunge fearlessly into the unknown territory of this challenge and fight to get better. But is she the same Gabby? Will she still have a smile on her face and an answer for the constituents she is representing? It will take time for that to be known by her medical team as well as by Gabby and her family.
One news source said she was recuperating from her traumatic brain injury. Anyone who has been involved with or has worked with someone who has suffered from a brain injury knows that no one 'recuperates' from one. They will improve, they will adapt and adjust and they will learn to cope but they don't recuperate. And at the very least, most will be left with some deficits. It is a tough road to walk and the hard work she is facing should not be forgotten or ignored when hearing news articles that appear to negate the extreme seriousness of her situation.
No two brain injuries are the same. Those with determination and the motivation to push themselves will definitely be ahead of the game. Also, if Gabby Giffords is fortunate enough to receive cognitive therapy and treatment as soon as possible, I feel very positive about her future outcome. I have seen first-hand the positive results of early therapy.
For more information about brain injuries go to:
- Lash & Associates Publishing/Training Inc. www.lapublishing.com
- The National Resource Center for Traumatic Brain Injury www.neuro.pmr.vcu.edu
- Brain Injury News and Information Blog www.BrainInjury.blogs.com
- Northeast Center for Special Care
- Brain Injury Association of North America www.biausa.org
I wish Gabrielle Giffords success as she faces her biggest challenge yet. She has a lot of things on her side though – her relatively young age, her strong personality (as evidenced by what she has already been able to accomplish in her life), and hopefully a determined spirit. Best wishes to Gabby and her family and to everyone who has suffered a traumatic brain injury.
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